Open vSwitch

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Open vSwitch is an alternative to Linux native bridges, bonds, and vlan interfaces. It is designed with virtualized environments in mind and is recommended to ease deployments.

Installation

  • Install the Open vSwitch packages
apt-get install openvswitch-switch

Configuration

Official reference here, though a bit bare: http://git.openvswitch.org/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?p=openvswitch;a=blob;f=debian/openvswitch-switch.README.Debian;hb=HEAD

Overview

Open vSwitch and Linux bonding and bridging or vlans MUST NOT be mixed. For instance, do not attempt to add a vlan to an OVS Bond, or add a Linux Bond to an OVSBridge or vice-versa. Open vSwitch is specifically tailored to function within virtualized environments, there is no reason to use the native linux functionality.

Bridges

A bridge is another term for a Switch. It directs traffic to the appropriate interface based on mac address. Open vSwitch bridges should contain raw ethernet devices, along with virtual interfaces such as OVSBonds or OVSIntPorts. These bridges can carry multiple vlans, and be broken out into 'internal ports' to be used as vlan interfaces on the host.

It should be noted that it is recommended that the bridge is bound to a trunk port with no untagged vlans; this means that your bridge itself will never have an ip address. If you need to work with untagged traffic coming into the bridge, it is recommended you tag it (assign it to a vlan) on the originating interface before entering the bridge (though you can assign an IP address on the bridge directly for that untagged data, it is not recommended). You can split out your tagged VLANs using virtual interfaces (OVSIntPort) if you need access to those vlans from your local host. Proxmox will assign the guest VMs a tap interface associated with a vlan, so you do NOT need a bridge per vlan (such as classic linux networking requires). You should think of your OVSBridge much like a physical hardware switch.

When configuring a bridge, in /etc/network/interfaces, prefix the bridge interface definition with allow-ovs $iface. For instance, a simple bridge containing a single interface would look like: 

auto vmbr0
allow-ovs vmbr0
iface vmbr0 inet manual
  ovs_type OVSBridge
  ovs_ports eth0

Remember, if you want to split out vlans with ips for use on the local host, you should use OVSIntPorts, see sections to follow.

However, any interfaces (Physical, OVSBonds, or OVSIntPorts) associated with a bridge should have their definitions prefixed with allow-$brname $iface, e.g. allow-vmbr0 bond0

NOTE: All interfaces must be listed under ovs_ports that are part of the bridge even if you have a port definition (e.g. OVSIntPort) that cross-references the bridge!!!

Bonds

Bonds are used to join multiple network interfaces together to act as single unit. Bonds must refer to raw ethernet devices (e.g. eth0, eth1).

When configuring a bond, it is recommended to use LACP (aka 802.3ad) for link aggregation. This requires switch support on the other end. A simple bond using eth0 and eth1 that will be part of the vmbr0 bridge might look like this. 

allow-vmbr0 bond0
iface ovsbond inet manual
  ovs_bridge vmbr0
  ovs_type OVSBond
  ovs_bonds eth0 eth1
  ovs_options bond_mode=balance-tcp lacp=active other_config:lacp-time=fast

NOTE: The interfaces that are part of a bond do not need to have their own configuration section.

VLANs Host Interfaces

In order for the host (e.g. proxmox host, not VMs themselves!) to utilize a vlan within the bridge, you must create OVSIntPorts. These split out a virtual interface in the specified vlan that you can assign an ip address to (or use DHCP). You need to set ovs_options tag=$VLAN to let OVS know what vlan the interface should be a part of. In the switch world, this is commonly referred to as an RVI (Routed Virtual Interface), or IRB (Integrated Routing and Bridging) interface.

IMPORTANT: These OVSIntPorts you create MUST also show up in the actual bridge definition under ovs_ports. If they do not, they will NOT be brought up even though you specified an ovs_bridge. You also need to prefix the definition with allow-$bridge $iface

Setting up this vlan port would look like this in /etc/network/interfaces: 

allow-vmbr0 vlan50
iface vlan50 inet static
  ovs_type OVSIntPort
  ovs_bridge vmbr0
  ovs_options tag=50
  ovs_extra set interface ${IFACE} external-ids:iface-id=$(hostname -s)-${IFACE}-vif
  address 10.50.10.44
  netmask 255.255.255.0
  gateway 10.50.10.1

Note on MTU

If you plan on using a MTU larger than the default of 1500, you need to mark any physical interfaces, bonds, and bridges with a larger MTU by adding an mtu setting to the definition such as mtu 9000 otherwise it will be disallowed. However, you should NOT create definitions for your physical interfaces that are part of a bond, instead at the bond layer, you should use a pre-up script such as 

pre-up ( ifconfig eth0 mtu 9000 && ifconfig eth1 mtu 9000 )

If you instead create entries in /etc/network/interfaces for those physical interfaces and set the MTU there, then that MTU will propagate to EVERY child. That means you wouldn't be able to configure OVSIntPorts with an mtu of 1500.

Odd Note: Some newer Intel Gigabit NICs have a hardware limitation which means the maximum MTU they can support is 8996 (instead of 9000). If your interfaces aren't coming up and you are trying to use 9000, this is likely the reason and can be difficult to debug. Try setting all your MTUs to 8996 and see if it resolves your issues.

Examples

Example 1: Bridge + Internal Ports + Untagged traffic

The below example shows you how to create a bridge with one physical interface, with 2 vlan interfaces split out, and tagging untagged traffic coming in on eth0 to vlan 1.

This is a complete and working /etc/network/interfaces listing: 

# Loopback interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# Bridge for our eth0 physical interfaces and vlan virtual interfaces (our VMs will
# also attach to this bridge)
auto vmbr0
allow-ovs vmbr0
iface vmbr0 inet manual
  ovs_type OVSBridge
  # NOTE: we MUST mention eth0, vlan1, and vlan55 even though each
  #       of them lists ovs_bridge vmbr0!  Not sure why it needs this
  #       kind of cross-referencing but it won't work without it!
  ovs_ports eth0 vlan1 vlan55
  mtu 9000

# Physical interface for traffic coming into the system.  Retag untagged
# traffic into vlan 1, but pass through other tags.
auto eth0
allow-vmbr0 eth0
iface eth0 inet manual
  ovs_bridge vmbr0
  ovs_type OVSPort
  ovs_options tag=1 vlan_mode=native-untagged
# Alternatively if you want to also restrict what vlans are allowed through
# you could use:
# ovs_options tag=1 vlan_mode=native-untagged trunks=10,20,30,40
  mtu 9000

# Virtual interface to take advantage of originally untagged traffic
allow-vmbr0 vlan1
iface vlan1 inet static
  ovs_type OVSIntPort
  ovs_bridge vmbr0
  ovs_options tag=1
  ovs_extra set interface ${IFACE} external-ids:iface-id=$(hostname -s)-${IFACE}-vif
  address 10.50.10.44
  netmask 255.255.255.0
  gateway 10.50.10.1
  mtu 1500

# Ceph cluster communication vlan (jumbo frames)
allow-vmbr0 vlan55
iface vlan55 inet static
  ovs_type OVSIntPort
  ovs_bridge vmbr0
  ovs_options tag=55
  ovs_extra set interface ${IFACE} external-ids:iface-id=$(hostname -s)-${IFACE}-vif
  address 10.55.10.44
  netmask 255.255.255.0
  mtu 9000

Example 2: Bond + Bridge + Internal Ports

The below example shows you a combination of all the above features. 2 NICs are bonded together and added to an OVS Bridge. 2 vlan interfaces are split out in order to provide the host access to vlans with different MTUs.

This is a complete and working /etc/network/interfaces listing: 

# Loopback interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# Bond eth0 and eth1 together
allow-vmbr0 bond0
iface bond0 inet manual
  ovs_bridge vmbr0
  ovs_type OVSBond
  ovs_bonds eth0 eth1
  # Force the MTU of the physical interfaces to be jumbo-frame capable.
  # This doesn't mean that any OVSIntPorts must be jumbo-capable.  
  # We cannot, however set up definitions for eth0 and eth1 directly due
  # to what appear to be bugs in the initialization process.
  pre-up ( ifconfig eth0 mtu 9000 && ifconfig eth1 mtu 9000 )
  ovs_options bond_mode=balance-tcp lacp=active other_config:lacp-time=fast
  mtu 9000

# Bridge for our bond and vlan virtual interfaces (our VMs will
# also attach to this bridge)
auto vmbr0
allow-ovs vmbr0
iface vmbr0 inet manual
  ovs_type OVSBridge
  # NOTE: we MUST mention bond0, vlan50, and vlan55 even though each
  #       of them lists ovs_bridge vmbr0!  Not sure why it needs this
  #       kind of cross-referencing but it won't work without it!
  ovs_ports bond0 vlan50 vlan55
  mtu 9000

# Proxmox cluster communication vlan
allow-vmbr0 vlan50
iface vlan50 inet static
  ovs_type OVSIntPort
  ovs_bridge vmbr0
  ovs_options tag=50
  ovs_extra set interface ${IFACE} external-ids:iface-id=$(hostname -s)-${IFACE}-vif
  address 10.50.10.44
  netmask 255.255.255.0
  gateway 10.50.10.1
  mtu 1500

# Ceph cluster communication vlan (jumbo frames)
allow-vmbr0 vlan55
iface vlan55 inet static
  ovs_type OVSIntPort
  ovs_bridge vmbr0
  ovs_options tag=55
  ovs_extra set interface ${IFACE} external-ids:iface-id=$(hostname -s)-${IFACE}-vif
  address 10.55.10.44
  netmask 255.255.255.0
  mtu 9000

Example 3: Bond + Bridge + Internal Ports + Untagged traffic + No LACP

The below example shows you a combination of all the above features. 2 NICs are bonded together and added to an OVS Bridge. This example imitates the default proxmox network configuration but using a bond instead of a single NIC and the bond will work without a managed switch which supports LACP.

This is a complete and working /etc/network/interfaces listing: 

# Loopback interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# Bond eth0 and eth1 together
allow-vmbr0 bond0
iface bond0 inet manual
	ovs_bridge vmbr0
	ovs_type OVSBond
	ovs_bonds eth0 eth1
	ovs_options bond_mode=balance-slb vlan_mode=native-untagged

# Bridge for our bond and vlan virtual interfaces (our VMs will
# also attach to this bridge)
auto vmbr0
allow-ovs vmbr0
iface vmbr0 inet manual
	ovs_type OVSBridge
	ovs_ports bond0 vlan1

# Virtual interface to take advantage of originally untagged traffic
allow-vmbr0 vlan1
iface vlan1 inet static
	ovs_type OVSIntPort
	ovs_bridge vmbr0
	ovs_options vlan_mode=access
	ovs_extra set interface ${IFACE} external-ids:iface-id=$(hostname -s)-${IFACE}-vif
	address 192.168.3.5
	netmask 255.255.255.0
	gateway 192.168.3.254

Multicast

Right now Open vSwitch doesn't do anything in regards to multicast. Typically where you might tell linux to enable the multicast querier on the bridge, you should instead set up your querier at your router or switch. Please refer to the Multicast_notes wiki for more information.

Using Open vSwitch in Proxmox

Using Open vSwitch isn't that much different than using normal linux bridges. The main difference is instead of having a bridge per vlan, you have a single bridge containing all your vlans. Then when configuring the network interface for the VM, you would select the bridge (probably the only bridge you have), and you would also enter the VLAN Tag associated with the VLAN you want your VM to be a part of. Now there is zero effort when adding or removing VLANs!

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